View source for Joan of Arc

{{Redirect|Jeanne d'Arc|other uses| Jeanne d'Arc (disambiguation)|and|Joan of Arc (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}{{Use American English|date=March 2013}}
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{{Infobox saint
|name= Saint Joan of Arc
|image=Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|caption=Miniature (15th century)<ref>[[Archives nationales (France)|Centre Historique des Archives Nationales]], [[Paris]], AE II 2490, dated to the second half of the 15th century.
"The later, fifteenth-century manuscript of [[Charles, Duke of Orléans]] contains a miniature of Joan in armour; the face has certain characteristic features known from her contemporaries' descriptions, and the artist may have worked from indications by someone who had known her." Joan M. Edmunds, ''The Mission of Joan of Arc'' (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=k9maU4D-QLUC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40  p. 40].</ref>
|birth_date= 6 January c. 1412<ref>An exact date of birth (6 January 1412) is uniquely indicated by Perceval de Boulainvilliers, councillor of king Charles VII, in a letter to the duke of Milan. Régine Pernoud's ''Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses'', p. 98: "Boulainvilliers tells of her birth in Domrémy, and it is he who gives us an exact date, which may be the true one, saying that she was born on the night of Epiphany, 6 January". However, Marius Sepet has alleged that Boulainvilliers' letter is mythographic and therefore unreliable in his opinion (Marius Sepet, "Observations critiques sur l'histoire de Jeanne d'Arc. La lettre de Perceval de Boulainvilliers", in ''Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes'', n°77, 1916, pp.&nbsp;439–447, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12454p/f439.image ; Gerd Krumeich, "La date de la naissance de Jeanne d'Arc", in ''De Domremy&nbsp;... à Tokyo: Jeanne d'Arc et la Lorraine'', 2013, pp.&nbsp;21–31.)</ref>
|birth_place=[[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]], [[Duchy of Bar]], [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemainustheatrefestival.ca/season_saint_timeline.html |title=Chemainus Theatre Festival - The 2008 Season - Saint Joan - Joan of Arc Historical Timeline |publisher=Chemainustheatrefestival.ca |accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref>
| attributes = [[armor]], banner, [[sword]]
|parents= Jacques d'Arc<br>Isabelle de Vouthon
|death_date=30 May 1431 (aged approx. 19)
|death_place=[[Rouen]], [[Normandy]]<br>(then [[The Dual-Monarchy of England and France|under English rule]])
|titles=Saint
|feast_day=30 May
|venerated_in=[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx|title=Holy Days|publisher=}}</ref>
|beatified_date=18 April 1909
|beatified_place=[[Notre Dame de Paris]]
|beatified_by=[[Pope Pius X]]
|canonized_date=16 May 1920
|canonized_place=[[St. Peter's Basilica]], Rome
|canonized_by=[[Pope Benedict XV]]
|patronage= France; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; soldiers, women who have served in the [[WAVES]] (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service); and [[Women's Army Corps]]
}}

{{Infobox military person
| name          = 
| native_name   = Jeanne d'Arc
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| caption       = 
| nickname      = ''La Pucelle''<br />The Maid of Orléans<br />(French: ''La Pucelle d'Orléans'')
| birth_date    = 
| birth_place   = 
| death_date    = 
| death_place   = 
| placeofburial = 
| allegiance    = {{flag|Kingdom of France}}
| branch        = 
| serviceyears  = 1428–1430
| rank          = 
| unit          = 
| commands      = 
| battles       = [[Hundred Years War]]
* [[Loire Campaign (1429)|Loire Campaign]]:
** [[Siege of Orléans]]
** [[Battle of Jargeau]]
** [[Battle of Meung-sur-Loire]]
** [[Battle of Beaugency (1429)|Battle of Beaugency]]
** [[Battle of Patay]]
* [[March to Reims]]
* [[Siege of Paris (1429)|Siege of Paris]]
* [[Siege of La Charité]]
* [[Siege of Compiègne]]
| awards        = 
| spouse        = <!-- Add spouse if reliably sourced -->
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = 
| signature     = Jehanne signature.jpg
| website       = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
}}
'''Joan of Arc''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|'''Jeanne d'Arc'''}},<ref>Her name was written in a variety of ways, particularly prior to the mid-19th century. See Pernoud and Clin, pp. 220–221. Her signature appears as "Jehanne" (see [http://www.stjoan-center.com/Album/part47.html www.stjoan-center.com/Album/, parts 47] and [http://www.stjoan-center.com/Album/part49.html 49]; it is also noted in Pernoud and Clin).</ref> {{IPA-fr|ʒan daʁk|IPA}}; 6 January c. 1412<ref name=birthdate>Modern biographical summaries often assert a birthdate of 6 January for Joan, which is based on a letter from Lord Perceval de Boulainvilliers on 21 July 1429 (see Pernoud's ''Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses'', p. 98: "Boulainvilliers tells of her birth in Domrémy, and it is he who gives us an exact date, which may be the true one, saying that she was born on the night of Epiphany, 6 January").</ref>&nbsp;– 30 May 1431), nicknamed "'''The Maid of Orléans'''" ({{lang-fr|link=no|La Pucelle d'Orléans}}), is considered a heroine of France for her role during the [[Hundred Years' War (1415–53)|Lancastrian phase]] of the [[Hundred Years' War]] and was canonized as a [[Roman Catholic saint]]. Joan of Arc was born to [[Jacques d'Arc]] and [[Isabelle Romée]], a [[peasant]] family, at [[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]] in north-east France. Joan said she received visions of the [[Archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Margaret the Virgin|Saint Margaret]], and [[Catherine of Alexandria|Saint Catherine of Alexandria]] instructing her to support [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the [[siege of Orléans]] as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at [[Reims]]. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory.

On 23 May 1430, she was captured at [[Compiègne]] by the [[Burgundian (party)|Burgundian faction]], which was allied with the English. She was later handed over to the English<ref name="justice.gouv.fr">''Le Procès de Jeanne d'Arc'', in Série "Les grands procès de l'histoire", Ministère de la Justice (France), 6 July 2012: http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/proces-historiques-10411/le-proces-de-jeanne-darc-24376.html</ref> and put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais [[Pierre Cauchon]] on a variety of charges.<ref>Régine Pernoud, "Joan of Arc By Herself And Her Witnesses", pp. 179, 220–222</ref> After Cauchon declared her guilty she was [[death by burning|burned at the stake]] on 30 May 1431, dying at about nineteen years of age.<ref name=ward/>

In 1456, an inquisitorial court authorized by [[Pope Callixtus III]] examined the trial, debunked the charges against her, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a [[martyr]].<ref name=ward>Andrew Ward (2005) {{IMDb title|id=0421212|title=Joan of Arc}}</ref> In the 16th century she became a symbol of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], and in 1803 she was declared a national symbol of France by the decision of [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte.<ref>{{cite book | authors=Dirk Arend Berents, D. E. H. de Boer, Marina Warner| title =Joan of Arc: Reality and Myth| publisher =Uitgeverij Verloren| year =1994| page =8| isbn =90-6550-412-5}}</ref> She was [[Beatification|beatified]] in 1909 and [[Canonization|canonized]] in 1920. Joan of Arc is one of the nine secondary [[patron saint]]s of France, along with [[Denis|St. Denis]], [[Martin of Tours|St. Martin of Tours]], [[Louis IX of France|St. Louis]], [[Michael (archangel)|St. Michael]], [[Saint Remigius|St. Rémi]], [[Saint Petronilla|St. Petronilla]], [[Radegund|St. Radegund]] and [[Thérèse of Lisieux|Ste. Thérèse of Lisieux]].

Joan of Arc has remained a popular figure in literature, painting, sculpture, and other cultural works since the time of her death, and many famous writers, filmmakers and composers have created works about her. [[Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc|Cultural depictions of her]] have continued in films, theater, television, video games, music, and performances to this day.

==Background==
[[File:Treaty of Troyes.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|'''1415–1429'''{{Legend|#ea8b9d|Territories controlled by [[Henry VI of England]]}}
{{Legend|#c896c8|Territories controlled by [[Philip the Good|Philip III of Burgundy]]}}
{{Legend|#7f9ad7|Territories controlled by [[Charles VII of France]]}}
{{Legend|#ffff00|Main battles}}
{{Legend-line|red dotted 2px|English raid of 1415}}
{{Legend-line|white dotted 2px|Joan's journey from Domrémy to [[Château de Chinon|Chinon]]}}
{{Legend-line|blue dotted 2px|Raid of Jeanne d'Arc to [[Reims]] in 1429}}]]

The [[Hundred Years' War]] had begun in 1337 as an [[English claims to the French throne|inheritance dispute over the French throne]], interspersed with occasional periods of relative peace. Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, and the English army's use of ''[[chevauchée]]'' tactics (destructive "[[scorched earth]]" raids) had devastated the economy.<ref>John Aberth, ''From the Brink of the Apocalypse'', Routledge, 2000 ISBN 0-415-92715-3, ISBN 978-0-415-92715-4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=4xyp-SscNBkC&pg=PA85 p. 85]</ref>  The [[Medieval demography|French population]] had not recovered to its size previous to the [[Black Death]] of the mid-14th century, and its merchants were isolated from foreign markets. Prior to the appearance of Joan of Arc, the English had nearly achieved their goal of a dual monarchy under English control and the French army had not achieved any major victories for a generation. In the words of DeVries, "The kingdom of France was not even a shadow of its thirteenth-century prototype."<ref>DeVries, pp. 27–28.</ref>

The French king at the time of Joan's birth, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]], suffered from bouts of <nowiki>insanity</nowiki><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.ac.uk/richardII/charlesVI.html |title=Charles VI |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |accessdate=9 March 2010}}</ref> and was often unable to rule. The king's brother [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans|Louis]], [[Duke of Orléans]], and the king's cousin [[John the Fearless]], [[Duke of Burgundy]], quarreled over the regency of France and the guardianship of the royal children. This dispute included accusations that Louis was having an extramarital affair with the queen, [[Isabeau of Bavaria]], and allegations that John the Fearless kidnapped the royal children.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pernoud|first1=Régine |first2=Marie-Véronique |last2= Clin |title=Joan of Arc: Her Story|year=1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwNkZ6j0MawC&pg=PA189#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0-312-22730-2 }}</ref> The conflict climaxed with the assassination of the Duke of Orléans in 1407 on the orders of the Duke of Burgundy.<ref>Sackville-West, Vita. [[Saint Joan of Arc (Sackville-West)|Saint Joan of Arc]], p. 21.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.burgundytoday.com/historic-places/history-of-burgundy/dukes-of-burgundy.htm |title=The Glorious Age of the Dukes of Burgundy |publisher=Burgundy Today |accessdate=9 March 2010}}</ref>

The young Charles of Orléans succeeded his father as duke and was placed in the custody of his father-in-law, the [[Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac|Count of Armagnac]]. Their faction became known as the [[Armagnac (party)|"Armagnac" faction]], and the opposing party led by the Duke of Burgundy was called the [[Burgundian (party)|"Burgundian faction"]]. [[Henry V of England]] took advantage of these internal divisions when he invaded the kingdom in 1415, winning a dramatic [[Battle of Agincourt|victory at Agincourt]] on 25 October and subsequently capturing many northern French towns.<ref>DeVries, pp. 15–19.</ref> In 1418 [[Paris]] was taken by the Burgundians, who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sizer|first=Michael|title=The Calamity of Violence: Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418 |year=2007|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002/--calamity-of-violence-reading-the-paris-massacres-of-1418?rgn=main;view=fulltext|accessdate=29 December 2013}}</ref> The future French king, [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]], assumed the title of [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]]—the heir to the throne—at the age of fourteen, after all four of his older brothers had died in succession.<ref>Pernoud and Clin, p. 167.</ref> His first significant official act was to conclude a peace treaty with the Duke of Burgundy in 1419. This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans assassinated John the Fearless during a meeting under Charles's guarantee of protection. The new duke of Burgundy, [[Philip the Good]], blamed Charles for the murder and entered into an alliance with the English. The allied forces conquered large sections of France.<ref>DeVries, p. 24.</ref>

In 1420 the queen of France, [[Isabeau of Bavaria]], signed the [[Treaty of Troyes]], which granted the succession of the French throne to [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] and his heirs instead of her son Charles. This agreement revived suspicions that the Dauphin may have been the illegitimate product of Isabeau's rumored affair with the late duke of Orléans rather than the son of King Charles VI.<ref>Pernoud and Clin, pp. 188–189.</ref> Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other in 1422, leaving an infant, [[Henry VI of England]], the nominal monarch of both kingdoms. Henry V's brother, [[John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford]], acted as [[regent]].<ref>DeVries, pp. 24, 26.</ref>

By the time Joan of Arc began to influence events in 1429, nearly all of northern France and some parts of the southwest were under Anglo-Burgundian control. The English controlled Paris and [[Rouen]] while the Burgundian faction controlled [[Reims]], which had served as the traditional coronation site for French kings since 816. This was an important consideration since neither claimant to the throne of France had been officially crowned yet. In 1428 the English had begun the siege of Orléans, one of the few remaining cities still loyal to Charles VII and an important objective since it held a strategic position along the [[Loire]] River, which made it the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of the French heartland. In the words of one modern historian, "On the fate of Orléans hung that of the entire kingdom."<ref>Pernoud and Clin, p. 10.</ref> No one was optimistic that the city could long withstand the siege.<ref>DeVries, p. 28.</ref> For generations, there had been prophecies in France which promised France would be saved by a virgin from the "borders of Lorraine" "who would work miracles" and "that France will be lost by a woman and shall thereafter be restored by a virgin".<ref>Fraioli, Deborah ''Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years' War'', Westport: Greenwood Press, 2005 page 59.</ref> The second prophecy predicating France would be "lost" by a woman was taken to refer to Isabeau's role in signing the Treaty of Troyes.<ref>Fraioli, Deborah ''Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years' War'', Westport: Greenwood Press, 2005 pages 59-60.</ref>

==Life==
{{Further information|Name of Joan of Arc}}
[[File:Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg|thumb|Joan's birthplace in [[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]] is now a museum. The village church where she attended Mass is on the right behind the trees.]]

Joan was the daughter of [[Jacques d'Arc]] and [[Isabelle Romée]]<ref>Jacques d'Arc (1380–1440) was a farmer at Domrémy who held the post of ''doyen''&nbsp;– a local tax-collector and organizer of village defenses. He had married Isabelle de Vouthon (1387–1468), also called "Romée", in 1405. Their other children were Jacquemin, Jean, Pierre and Catherine. Charles VII ennobled Jacques and Isabelle's family on 29 December 1429, an act which was registered by the Chamber of Accounts on 20 January 1430. The grant permitted the family to change their surname to "du Lys".</ref> in [[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]], a village which was then in the French part of the [[duchy of Bar]].<ref>The French portion of the duchy, called the ''Barrois mouvant'', was situated west of the [[Meuse River]] while the rest of the duchy (east of the Meuse) was a part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The duchy of Bar was later incorporated to the province of [[Lorraine (duchy)|Lorraine]] and the village of Domrémy renamed Domrémy-la-Pucelle, in honor of Joan of Arc. See Condemnation trial, p. 37.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html]. Retrieved 23 March 2006.</ref> Joan's parents owned about 50 acres (20 hectares) of land and her father supplemented his farming work with a minor position as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch.<ref>Pernoud and Clin, p. 221.</ref> They lived in an isolated patch of eastern France that remained loyal to the French crown despite being surrounded by pro-Burgundian lands. Several local raids occurred during her childhood and on one occasion her village was burned. Joan was illiterate and it is believed that her letters were dictated by her to scribes and she signed her letters with the help of others.<ref>Boyd, Beverly "Wyclif, Joan of Arc, and Margery Kempe" pages 112-118 from ''Mystics Quarterly'', Volume 12, Issue # 3 September 1986 page 115.</ref> 

At her trial, Joan stated that she was about nineteen years old, which implies she thought she was born around 1412. She later testified that she experienced her first vision in 1425 at the age of 13, when she was in her "father's garden"<ref>{{cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses|url={{Google books|8cNBUC1HXFIC|Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses|page=30|plainurl=yes}}|page=30}}</ref> and saw visions of figures she identified as [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]], [[Catherine of Alexandria|Saint Catherine]], and [[Saint Margaret the Virgin|Saint Margaret]], who told her to drive out the English and bring the Dauphin to Reims for his coronation. She said she cried when they left, as they were so beautiful.<ref>Condemnation trial, pp. 58–59.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html]. Retrieved 23 March 2006.</ref>

At the age of sixteen, she asked a relative named Durand Lassois to take her to the nearby town of [[Vaucouleurs]], where she petitioned the garrison commander, [[Robert de Baudricourt]], for an armed escort to bring her to the French Royal Court at [[Chinon]]. Baudricourt's sarcastic response did not deter her.<ref>DeVries, pp. 37–40.</ref> She returned the following January and gained support from two of Baudricourt's soldiers: [[Jean de Metz]] and [[Bertrand de Poulengy]].<ref name="Nullification">Nullification trial testimony of Jean de Metz.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null04.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> According to Jean de Metz, she told him that "I must be at the King's side&nbsp;... there will be no help (for the kingdom) if not from me. Although I would rather have remained spinning [wool] at my mother's side&nbsp;... yet must I go and must I do this thing, for my Lord wills that I do so."<ref>Pernoud, Régine. ''Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses'', p. 35.</ref> Under the auspices of Metz and Poulengy, she was given a second meeting, where she made a prediction about a military reversal at the [[Battle of the Herrings|Battle of Rouvray]] near Orléans several days before messengers arrived to report it.<ref>Oliphant, ch. 2.[http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> Given the distance of the battle's location, Baudricourt felt Joan could only have known about the French defeat by Divine revelation, and this convinced him to take her seriously.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

===Rise===
{{See also|Siege of Orléans}}
[[File:SiegeOfOrleans1429.jpg|thumb|15th-century depiction of the Siege of Orléans, 1429]]
Robert de Baudricourt granted Joan an escort to visit Chinon after news from Orleans confirmed her assertion of the defeat. She made the journey through hostile Burgundian territory disguised as a male soldier,<ref name="Richey 2003 p.4">Richey 2003, p. 4.</ref> a fact which would later lead to charges of "cross-dressing" against her, although her escort viewed it as a normal precaution. Two of the members of her escort said they and the people of Vaucouleurs provided her with this clothing, and had suggested it to her.<ref>Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself And Her Witnesses", pp.&nbsp;35–36.</ref>

After arriving at the Royal Court she impressed Charles VII during a private conference. During this time Charles' mother-in-law [[Yolande of Aragon]] was planning to finance a relief expedition to [[Orléans]]. Joan asked for permission to travel with the army and wear protective armor, which was provided by the Royal government. She depended on donated items for her armor, horse, sword, banner, and other items utilized by her entourage. Historian Stephen W. Richey explains her attraction to the royal court by pointing out that they may have viewed her as the only source of hope for a regime that was near collapse:

<blockquote>After years of one humiliating defeat after another, both the military and civil leadership of France were demoralized and discredited. When the Dauphin Charles granted Joan's urgent request to be equipped for war and placed at the head of his army, his decision must have been based in large part on the knowledge that every orthodox, every rational option had been tried and had failed. Only a regime in the final straits of desperation would pay any heed to an illiterate farm girl who claimed that the voice of God was instructing her to take charge of her country's army and lead it to victory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjoan-center.com/military/stephenr.html|title=Joan of Arc: A Military Appreciation|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|year=2000|publisher=The Saint Joan of Arc Center|accessdate=10 July 2011}}</ref></blockquote>
Upon her arrival, Joan effectively turned the longstanding Anglo-French conflict into a religious war,<ref name="Vale, M.G.A. 1974, p. 55">Vale, M.G.A., 'Charles VII', 1974, p. 55.</ref> a course of action that was not without risk. Charles' advisers were worried that unless Joan's [[orthodoxy]] could be established beyond doubt—that she was not a heretic or a sorceress—Charles' enemies could easily make the allegation that his crown was a gift from the devil. To circumvent this possibility, the Dauphin ordered background inquiries and a theological examination at [[Poitiers]] to verify her morality. In April 1429, the commission of inquiry "declared her to be of irreproachable life, a good Christian, possessed of the virtues of humility, honesty and simplicity."<ref name="Vale, M.G.A. 1974, p. 55"/> The theologians at Poitiers did not render a decision on the issue of divine inspiration; rather, they informed the Dauphin that there was a "favorable presumption" to be made on the divine nature of her mission. This was enough for Charles, but they also stated that he had an obligation to put Joan to the test. "To doubt or abandon her without suspicion of evil would be to repudiate the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]] and to become unworthy of God's aid", they declared.<ref>Vale, M.G.A., 'Charles VII', 1974, p. 56.</ref> They recommended that her claims should be put to the test by seeing if she could lift the siege of [[Orléans]] as she had predicted.{{fact|date=February 2017}}
  
She arrived at the [[siege of Orléans|besieged city of Orléans]] on 29 April 1429. [[Jean de Dunois|Jean d'Orléans]], the acting head of the ducal family of Orléans on behalf of his captive half-brother, initially excluded her from [[war council]]s and failed to inform her when the army engaged the enemy.<ref>Historians often refer to this man by other names. Many call him "Count of Dunois" in reference to a title he received years after Joan's death, since this title is now his best-known designation. During Joan's lifetime he was often called "Bastard of Orléans" due to his condition as the illegitimate son of Louis of Orleans. His contemporaries viewed this "title" as nothing but a standard method of delineating such illegitimate offspring, but it nonetheless often confuses modern readers because "bastard" has become a popular insult. "Jean d'Orléans" is less precise but not anachronistic. For a short biography see Pernoud and Clin, pp. 180–181.</ref> However, his decision to exclude her did not prevent her presence at most councils and battles.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

The extent of her actual military participation and leadership is a subject of debate among historians. On the one hand, Joan stated that she carried her banner in battle and had never killed anyone,<ref>Barrett, W.P. "The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc", p. 63.</ref> preferring her banner "forty times" better than a sword;<ref>Barrett, W.P. "The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc", p. 221.</ref> and the army was always directly commanded by a nobleman, such as the Duke of Alençon for example. On the other hand, many of these same noblemen stated that Joan had a profound effect on their decisions since they often accepted the advice she gave them, believing her advice was Divinely inspired.<ref>Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses" pp. 63, 113.</ref> <!--This quote doesn't address the previous sentence's assertion about the nullification trial testimony.  Stephen W. Richey's opinion is one example: "She proceeded to lead the army in an astounding series of victories that reversed the tide of the war."<ref name="Richey"/> --> In either case, historians agree that the army enjoyed remarkable success during her brief time with it.<ref>Pernoud and Clin, p. 230.</ref>

===Military campaigns===
[[File:Contemporaine_afb_jeanne_d_arc.png|thumb|upright|Drawing of Joan of Arc by Clément de Fauquembergue (a doodle on the margin of the protocol of the [[parliament of Paris]], dated 10 May 1429).<ref>This is the oldest known depiction of Joan of Arc, and the only one dating to her lifetime. It is drawn from the imagination based on accounts of her deeds at Orléans a few days before.  "The earliest drawing of Joan of Arc that survives is a doodle in the margin of the parliamentary council register drawn by Clément de Fauquembergue. The entry is dated May 10, 1429. Joan is shown holding a banner and a sword, but she is wearing a dress and has long hair. Fauquembergue, drawing from his imagination, may be excused for putting her in women's clothing, but long after Joan's dressing practice was well known, many artists still preferred to dres her in skirts." Margaret Joan Maddox, "Jan of Arc" in: Matheson (ed.), ''Icons of the Middle Ages'' (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=rETxD8KcnUIC&pg=PA442  p. 442]; see also Kelly DeVries, ''Joan of Arc: A Military Leader'' (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cio7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29  p. 29].</ref>]]

The appearance of Joan of Arc at Orléans coincided with a sudden change in the pattern of the siege. During the five months before her arrival, the defenders had attempted only one offensive assault, which had ended in defeat. On 4 May, however, the Armagnacs attacked and captured the outlying fortress of  [[Saint-Jean-de-Braye|Saint Loup]] (''bastille de Saint-Loup''), followed on 5 May by a march to a second fortress called [[Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, Loiret|Saint-Jean-le-Blanc]], which was found deserted. When English troops came out to oppose the advance, a rapid cavalry charge drove them back into their fortresses, apparently without a fight. The Armagnacs then attacked and captured an English fortress built around a monastery called [[Siege of Orléans|Les Augustins]]. That night, Armagnac troops maintained positions on the south bank of the river before attacking the main English stronghold, called ''"les Tourelles"'', on the morning of 7 May.<ref>DeVries, pp. 74–83</ref> Contemporaries acknowledged Joan as the heroine of the engagement. She was wounded by an arrow between the neck and shoulder while holding her banner in the trench outside les Tourelles, but later returned to encourage a final assault that succeeded in taking the fortress. The English retreated from Orléans the next day, and the siege was over.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

At Chinon and Poitiers, Joan had declared that she would provide a sign at Orléans. The lifting of the siege was interpreted by many people to be that sign, and it gained her the support of prominent clergy such as the [[Archbishop of Embrun]] and the theologian [[Jean Gerson]], both of whom wrote supportive treatises immediately following this event.<ref>Fraioli, Deborah. "Joan of Arc, the Early Debate", pp.&nbsp;87–88; 126–127.</ref> To the English, the ability of this peasant girl to defeat their armies was regarded as proof that she was possessed by the Devil; the British medievalist Beverly Boyd noted that this charge was not just propaganda, and was sincerely believed since the idea that God was supporting the French via Joan was distinctly unappealing to an English audience.<ref>Boyd, Beverly "Wyclif, Joan of Arc, and Margery Kempe" pages 112-118 from ''Mystics Quarterly'', Volume 12, Issue # 3 September 1986 page 116</ref>    

The sudden victory at Orléans also led to many proposals for further offensive action. Joan persuaded Charles VII to allow her to accompany the army with Duke [[John II of Alençon]], and she gained royal permission for her plan to recapture nearby bridges along the Loire as a prelude to an advance on Reims and the coronation of Charles VII. This was a bold proposal because Reims was roughly twice as far away as Paris and deep within enemy territory.<ref>DeVries, pp. 96–97.</ref> The English expected an attempt to recapture Paris or an attack on Normandy.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

[[File:ingres coronation charles vii.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Joan at the coronation of Charles VII'', by [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]] in 1854, a famous painting often reproduced in works on Joan of Arc.]]

The Duke of Alençon accepted Joan's advice concerning strategy. Other commanders including Jean d'Orléans had been impressed with her performance at Orléans and became her supporters. Alençon credited her with saving his life at Jargeau, where she warned him that a cannon on the walls was about to fire at him.<ref>Nullification trial testimony of Jean, Duke of Alençon.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null07.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> During the same siege she withstood a blow from a stone that hit her helmet while she was near the base of the town's wall. The army took [[Battle of Jargeau|Jargeau]] on 12 June, [[Battle of Meung-sur-Loire|Meung-sur-Loire]] on 15 June, and [[Battle of Beaugency (1429)|Beaugency]] on 17 June.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

The English army withdrew from the Loire Valley and headed north on 18 June, joining with an expected unit of reinforcements under the command of Sir [[John Fastolf]]. Joan urged the Armagnacs to pursue, and the two armies clashed southwest of the village of Patay. The [[Battle of Patay|battle at Patay]] might be compared to [[Battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]] in reverse. The French vanguard attacked a unit of English [[English longbow|archers]] who had been placed to block the road. A rout ensued that decimated the main body of the English army and killed or captured most of its commanders. Fastolf escaped with a small band of soldiers and became the scapegoat for the humiliating English defeat. The French suffered minimal losses.<ref>DeVries, pp. 114–115.</ref>

The French army left [[Gien]] on 29 June on the [[march to Reims|march toward Reims]] and accepted the conditional surrender of the Burgundian-held city of [[Auxerre]] on 3 July. Other towns in the army's path returned to French allegiance without resistance. [[Troyes]], the site of the treaty that tried to disinherit Charles VII, was the only one to put up even brief opposition. The army was in short supply of food by the time it reached Troyes. But the army was in luck: a wandering friar named Brother Richard had been preaching about the end of the world at Troyes and convinced local residents to plant beans, a crop with an early harvest. The hungry army arrived as the beans ripened.<ref>Lucie-Smith, pp. 156–160.</ref> Troyes capitulated after a bloodless four-day siege.<ref>DeVries, pp. 122–126.</ref>

Reims opened its gates to the army on 16 July 1429. The coronation took place the following morning. Although Joan and the Duke of Alençon urged a prompt march on Paris, the royal court preferred to negotiate a truce with Duke Philip of Burgundy. The duke violated the purpose of the agreement by using it as a stalling tactic to reinforce the defense of Paris.<ref>DeVries, p. 134.</ref> The French army marched through towns near Paris during the interim and accepted several peaceful surrenders. The Duke of Bedford led an English force and confronted the French army in a standoff at the battle of Montépilloy on 15 August. The French [[Siege of Paris (1429)|assault at Paris]] ensued on 8 September. Despite a wound to the leg from a [[crossbow bolt]], Joan remained in the inner trench of Paris until she was carried back to safety by one of the commanders.<ref>Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself And Her Witnesses" (1982), p. 137.</ref> The following morning the army received a royal order to withdraw. Most historians blame French [[Grand Chamberlain of France|Grand Chamberlain]] [[Georges de la Trémoille]] for the political blunders that followed the coronation.<ref>These range from mild associations of intrigue to scholarly invective. For an impassioned statement see Gower, ch. 4.[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16933/16933.txt] (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Milder examples are Pernoud and Clin, pp. 78–80; DeVries, p. 135; and Oliphant, ch. 6.[http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> In October, Joan was with the royal army when it [[Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier|took Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier]], followed by an unsuccessful attempt to take [[Siege of La Charité|La-Charité-sur-Loire]] in November and December. On 29 December, Joan and her family were ennobled by Charles VII as a reward for her actions.{{fact|date=February 2017}}
{{Clear}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Grande salle château de Chinon.JPG|Ruin of the great hall at [[Château de Chinon]] where Joan met future King Charles VII. The castle's only remaining intact tower, now known as the 'Joan of Arc Tower', has been turned into a museum dedicated to her.
File:The Maid of Orléans.PNG|Entrance of Joan of Arc into Reims in 1429, painting by [[Jan Matejko]]
File:Chateau Beaugency ballon.jpg|The inner keep at [[Beaugency]] is one of the few surviving fortifications from Joan's campaigns. English defenders retreated to the tower at upper right after the French breached the town wall.
File:Notre Dame de Reims - détail haut.JPG|[[Notre-Dame de Reims]], traditional site of French coronations. The structure had additional spires prior to a 1481 fire.
</gallery>

===Capture===
[[File:Capture de Jeanne.JPG|thumb|Joan captured by the Burgundians at Compiègne. [[Mural]] in the [[Panthéon, Paris|Panthéon]], Paris.]]
A truce with England during the following few months left Joan with little to do. On 23 March 1430, she dictated a threatening letter to the [[Hussites]], a dissident group which had broken with the Catholic Church on a number of doctrinal points and had defeated several previous crusades sent against them. Joan's letter promises to "remove your madness and foul superstition, taking away either your heresy or your lives."<ref>Pernoud and Clin, pp.&nbsp;258–259.</ref> Joan, an ardent Catholic who hated all forms of heresy together with Islam also sent a letter challenging the English to leave France and go with her to Bohemia to fight the Hussites, an offer that went unanswered.<ref>Boyd, Beverly "yclif, Joan of Arc, and Margery Kempe" pages 112-118 from ''Mystics Quarterly'', Volume 12, Issue # 3 September 1986 page 116.</ref> 

The truce with England quickly came to an end. Joan traveled to [[Compiègne]] the following May to help defend the city against an [[Siege of Compiègne|English and Burgundian siege]]. On 23 May 1430 she was with a force that attempted to attack the Burgundian camp at Margny north of Compiègne, but was ambushed and captured.<ref name="barbara_geiger1">{{cite journal | title=A Friend to Compiegne | author=Geiger, Barbara | journal=Calliope Magazine |date=April 2008 | volume=18 | issue=8 | pages=32–34}}</ref> When the troops began to withdraw toward the nearby fortifications of Compiègne after the advance of an additional force of 6,000 Burgundians,<ref name="barbara_geiger1" /> Joan stayed with the rear guard. Burgundian troops surrounded the rear guard, and she was pulled off her horse by an [[Archery|archer]].<ref>DeVries, pp. 161–170.</ref> She agreed to surrender to a pro-Burgundian nobleman named Lionel of Wandomme, a member of [[John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny|Jean de Luxembourg]]'s unit.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

Joan was imprisoned by the Burgundians at Beaurevoir Castle.  She made several escape attempts, on one occasion jumping from her 70-foot (21&nbsp;m) tower, landing on the soft earth of a dry moat, after which she was moved to the Burgundian town of [[Arras, France|Arras]].<ref>Pernoud, Régine. ''Joan of Arc: Her Story'', p. 96.</ref> The English negotiated with their Burgundian allies to transfer her to their custody, with Bishop [[Pierre Cauchon]] of [[Beauvais]], an English partisan, assuming a prominent role in these negotiations and her later trial.<ref>"Joan of Arc, Saint". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition, 12 September 2007 <http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-27055>.</ref> The final agreement called for the English to pay the sum of 10,000 [[Livre tournois|livres tournois]]<ref>Régine Pernoud & Marie-Véronique Clin: ''Jeanne d'Arc'', Fayard, Paris, 2 May 1986, p. 182.</ref> to obtain her from Jean de Luxembourg, a member of the Council of Duke Philip of Burgundy.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

The English moved Joan to the city of Rouen, which served as their main headquarters in France. Historian Pierre Champion notes that the Armagnacs attempted to rescue her several times by launching military campaigns toward Rouen while she was held there. One campaign occurred during the winter of 1430–1431, another in March 1431, and one in late May shortly before her execution. These attempts were beaten back.<ref>Champion's description is included in Barrett's translation of the trial transcript:  Barrett, W.P. ''The Trial of Joan of Arc'', p. 390.</ref> Champion also quotes 15th-century sources that say Charles VII threatened to "exact vengeance" upon Burgundian troops whom his forces had captured and upon "the English and women of England" in retaliation for their treatment of Joan.<ref>Barrett, W.P. ''The Trial of Joan of Arc'', p. 390.</ref>

===Trial===
{{Main|Trial of Joan of Arc}}
[[File:Tour Jeanne D'Arc10.jpg|thumb|upright|The keep of the [[Rouen Castle|castle of Rouen]], surviving remnant of the fortress where Joan was imprisoned during her trial. It has since become known as the "Joan of Arc Tower".]]

The trial for [[Christian heresy|heresy]] was politically motivated. The tribunal was composed entirely of pro-English and Burgundian clerics, and overseen by English commanders including the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Warwick.<ref>Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", pp.&nbsp;165–167.</ref> In the words of the British medievalist Beverly Boyd, the trial was meant by the English Crown to be  "...a ploy to get rid of a bizarre prisoner of war with maximum embarrassment to their enemies".<ref>Boyd, Beverly "Wyclif, Joan of Arc, and Margery Kempe" pages 112-118 from ''Mystics Quarterly'', Volume 12, Issue # 3 September 1986 page 116</ref> Legal proceedings commenced on 9 January 1431 at [[Rouen]], the seat of the English occupation government.<ref>Judges' investigations 9 January&nbsp;– 26 March, ordinary trial 26 March&nbsp;– 24 May, recantation 24 May, relapse trial 28–29 May.</ref> The procedure was suspect on a number of points, which would later provoke criticism of the tribunal by the chief inquisitor who investigated the trial after the war.<ref>Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", p. 269.</ref>

Under ecclesiastical law, Bishop Cauchon lacked [[jurisdiction]] over the case.<ref>The retrial verdict later affirmed that Cauchon had no authority to try the case. See ''Joan of Arc: Her Story'', by Régine Pernoud and Marie-Véronique Clin, p. 108.</ref> Cauchon owed his appointment to his partisan support of the English Crown, which financed the trial. The low standard of evidence used in the trial also violated inquisitorial rules.<ref>Peters, Edward. ''Inquisition'', p. 69.</ref> Clerical notary Nicolas Bailly, who was commissioned to collect testimony against Joan, could find no adverse evidence.<ref>Nullification trial testimony of Father Nicholas Bailly.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null03.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> Without such evidence the court lacked grounds to initiate a trial. Opening a trial anyway, the court also violated ecclesiastical law by denying Joan the right to a legal adviser. In addition, stacking the tribunal entirely with pro-English clergy violated the medieval Church's requirement that heresy trials be judged by an impartial or balanced group of clerics. Upon the opening of the first public examination, Joan complained that those present were all partisans against her and asked for "ecclesiastics of the French side" to be invited in order to provide balance. This request was denied.<ref>Taylor, Craig, ''Joan of Arc: La Pucelle'', p. 137.</ref>

[[File:Joan of arc interrogation.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Joan of Arc interrogated in her prison cell by the Cardinal of Winchester'', by [[Hippolyte Delaroche]], 1824, [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen|Musée des Beaux-Arts]], Rouen, France]]

The Vice-Inquisitor of Northern France (Jean Lemaitre) objected to the trial at its outset, and several eyewitnesses later said he was forced to cooperate after the English threatened his life.<ref>Deposition of Nicholas de Houppeville on 8 May 1452 during Inquisitor Brehal's first investigation. See: Pernoud, Régine. "The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456", p. 236.</ref> Some of the other clergy at the trial were also threatened when they refused to cooperate, including a Dominican friar named Isambart de la Pierre.<ref>See: Pernoud, Régine. "The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456", p. 241.</ref> These threats, and the domination of the trial by a secular government, were violations of the Church's rules and undermined the right of the Church to conduct heresy trials without secular interference.{{Fact|date=February 2017}}
 
The trial record contains statements from Joan that the eyewitnesses later said astonished the court, since she was an illiterate peasant and yet was able to evade the theological pitfalls the tribunal had set up to entrap her. The transcript's most famous exchange is an exercise in subtlety: "Asked if she knew she was in God's grace, she answered, 'If I am not, may God put me there; and if I am, may God so keep me.'"<ref>Condemnation trial, p. 52.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> The question is a scholarly trap. Church doctrine held that no one could be certain of being in God's grace. If she had answered yes, then she would have been charged with heresy. If she had answered no, then she would have confessed her own guilt. The court notary Boisguillaume later testified that at the moment the court heard her reply, "Those who were interrogating her were stupefied."<ref name="Pernoud">Pernoud and Clin, p. 112. In the twentieth century [[George Bernard Shaw]] found this dialogue so compelling that sections of his play ''[[Saint Joan (play)|Saint Joan]]'' are literal translations of the trial record. See Shaw, "Saint Joan". Penguin Classics, Reissue edition (2001). ISBN 0-14-043791-6</ref>

Several members of the tribunal later testified that important portions of the transcript were falsified by being altered in her disfavor. Under Inquisitorial guidelines, Joan should have been confined in an [[ecclesiology|ecclesiastical]] prison under the supervision of female guards (i.e., nuns). Instead, the English kept her in a [[Secularity (non-religiosity)|secular]] prison guarded by their own soldiers. Bishop Cauchon denied Joan's appeals to the [[Council of Basel]] and the Pope, which should have stopped his proceeding.<ref>Pernoud and Clin, p. 130.</ref>

The twelve articles of accusation which summarized the court's findings contradicted the already doctored court record.<ref>Condemnation trial, pp. 314–316.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> The illiterate defendant signed an [[abjuration]] document that she did not understand under threat of immediate execution. The court substituted a different abjuration in the official record.<ref>Condemnation trial, pp. 342–343.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006. Also, in nullification trial testimony, Brother Pierre Migier stated, "As to the act of recantation, I know it was performed by her; it was in writing, and was about the length of a [[Pater Noster]]."[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null09.html] Retrieved 12 February 2006. In modern English this is better known as the [[Lord's Prayer]], Latin and English texts available here:[http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref>

===Cross-dressing charge===
[[File:Stilke Hermann Anton - Joan of Arc's Death at the Stake.jpg|upright|thumb|''Joan of Arc's Death at the Stake'', by [[:de:Hermann Stilke|Hermann Stilke]] (1843)]]

[[Heresy]] was a [[capital crime]] only for a repeat offense, therefore a repeat offense of "cross-dressing" was now arranged by the court, according to the eyewitnesses. Joan agreed to wear feminine clothing when she abjured, which created a problem. According to the later descriptions of some of the tribunal members, she had previously been wearing male (i.e. military) clothing in prison because it gave her the ability to fasten her hosen, boots and tunic together into one piece, which deterred rape by making it difficult to pull her hosen off. She was evidently afraid to give up this outfit even temporarily because it was likely to be confiscated by the judge and she would thereby be left without protection.<ref name="stjoan-center.com">Nullification trial testimony of Guillaume de Manchon.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/#nullification]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref><ref>According to medieval clothing expert Adrien Harmand, she wore two layers of hosen or "pants" ("trousers" in British-English) attached to the doublet with 20 fastenings. The outer pants were made of a boot-like leather. "Jeanne d'Arc, son costume, son armure."[http://lerozier.free.fr/chausses.htm]{{fr icon}}. Retrieved 23 March 2006.</ref> A woman's dress offered no such protection.  A few days after her abjuration, when she was forced to wear a dress, she told a tribunal member that "a great English lord had entered her prison and tried to take her by force."<ref>See Pernoud, p. 220, which quotes appellate testimony by Friar Martin Ladvenu and Friar Isambart de la Pierre.</ref> She resumed male attire either as a defense against molestation or, in the testimony of Jean Massieu, because her dress had been taken by the guards and she was left with nothing else to wear.<ref>Nullification trial testimony of Jean Massieu.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null02.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref>

[[File:Jeanne of arc jnl 2.jpg|thumb|upright|A plaque marking the place where Joan of Arc was burned at the stake, Old Marketplace, Rouen.]]

Her resumption of male military clothing was labeled a relapse into heresy for cross-dressing, although this would later be disputed by the inquisitor who presided over the appeals court that examined the case after the war. Medieval Catholic doctrine held that cross-dressing should be evaluated based on context, as stated in the ''Summa Theologica'' by [[Thomas Aquinas|St. Thomas Aquinas]], which says that necessity would be a permissible reason for cross-dressing.<ref>"Summa Theologica", II - II, Q 169, Art. 2, ad. 3  [http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3169.htm]. Retrieved 8 January 2014</ref> This would include the use of clothing as protection against rape if the clothing would offer protection. In terms of doctrine, she had been justified in disguising herself as a pageboy during her journey through enemy territory, and she was justified in wearing armor during battle and protective clothing in camp and then in prison. The ''Chronique de la Pucelle'' states that it deterred molestation while she was camped in the field. When her soldiers' clothing wasn't needed while on campaign, she was said to have gone back to wearing a dress.<ref>From "De Quadam Puella". For a discussion of this, see footnote 18 on p. 29 of "Joan of Arc: The Early Debate" (2000), by Deborah Fraioli.</ref> Clergy who later testified at the posthumous appellate trial affirmed that she continued to wear male clothing in prison to deter molestation and rape.<ref name="stjoan-center.com"/>

Joan referred the court to the Poitiers inquiry when questioned on the matter. The Poitiers record no longer survives, but circumstances indicate the Poitiers clerics had approved her practice.<ref>Condemnation trial, p. 78.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html] (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Retrial testimony of Brother Séguin, (''Frère Séguin, fils de Séguin''), Professor of Theology at Poitiers, does not mention clothing directly, but constitutes a wholehearted endorsement of her piety.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null05.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> She also kept her hair cut short through her military campaigns and while in prison. Her supporters, such as the theologian [[Jean Gerson]], defended her hairstyle for practical reasons, as did Inquisitor Brehal later during the appellate trial.<ref>Fraioli, "Joan of Arc: The Early Debate", p. 131.</ref> Nonetheless, at the trial in 1431 she was condemned and sentenced to die. Boyd described Joan's trial as so "unfair" that the trial transcripts were later used as evidence for canonizing her in the 20th century.<ref>Boyd, Beverly "Wyclif, Joan of Arc, and Margery Kempe" pages 112-118 from ''Mystics Quarterly'', Volume 12, Issue # 3 September 1986 page 116</ref>

===Execution===
Eyewitnesses described the scene of the [[Death by burning|execution by burning]] on 30 May 1431. Tied to a tall pillar at the Vieux-Marché in Rouen, she asked two of the clergy, Fr Martin Ladvenu and Fr Isambart de la Pierre, to hold a [[crucifix]] before her. An English soldier also constructed a small cross that she put in the front of her dress. After she died, the English raked back the coals to expose her charred body so that no one could claim she had escaped alive. They then burned the body twice more, to reduce it to ashes and prevent any collection of relics, and cast her remains into the [[Seine]] River.<ref>In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess bone and skin remains from a museum at [[Chinon]] reputed to be those of the heroine. The study cannot provide a positive identification but could rule out some types of hoax through carbon dating and gender determination.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4711784.stm] (Retrieved 1 March 2006) An interim report released 17 December 2006 states that this is unlikely to have belonged to her.[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16257470/]. Retrieved 17 December 2006.</ref> The executioner, Geoffroy Thérage, later stated that he "greatly feared to be damned."<ref>Pernoud, p. 233.</ref>

==Posthumous events==
[[File:Joan of Arc-Notre Dame.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Modern statue of Joan of Arc in [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral]] interior, Paris]]

The Hundred Years' War continued for twenty-two years after her death. Charles VII retained legitimacy as the king of France in spite of a rival coronation held for [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] at [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame cathedral]] in Paris on 16 December 1431, the boy's tenth birthday. Before England could rebuild its military leadership and force of longbowmen lost in 1429, the country lost its alliance with Burgundy when the [[Treaty of Arras (1435)|Treaty of Arras]] was signed in 1435. The Duke of Bedford died the same year and Henry VI became the youngest king of England to rule without a regent. His weak leadership was probably the most important factor in ending the conflict. Kelly DeVries argues that Joan of Arc's aggressive use of artillery and frontal assaults influenced French tactics for the rest of the war.<ref>DeVries, pp. 179–180.</ref>

In 1452, during the posthumous investigation into her execution, the Church declared that a religious play in her honor at Orléans would allow attendees to gain an [[indulgence]] (remission of temporal punishment for sin) by making a [[pilgrimage]] to the event.{{Fact|date=February 2017}}

===Retrial===
{{Main article|Retrial of Joan of Arc}}

A posthumous retrial opened after the war ended. [[Pope Callixtus III]] authorized this proceeding, also known as the "nullification trial", at the request of Inquisitor-General [[Jean Bréhal]] and Joan's mother Isabelle Romée. The purpose of the trial was to investigate whether the trial of condemnation and its verdict had been handled justly and according to canon law. Investigations started with an inquest by Guillaume Bouillé, a theologian and [[List of rectors of the University of Paris|former rector of the University of Paris]] ([[Sorbonne]]). Bréhal conducted an investigation in 1452. A formal appeal followed in November 1455. The appellate process involved clergy from throughout Europe and observed standard court procedure. A panel of theologians analyzed testimony from 115 witnesses. Bréhal drew up his final summary in June 1456, which describes Joan as a martyr and implicated the late Pierre Cauchon with heresy{{fact|date=February 2017}} for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a [[Secularism|secular]] vendetta. The technical reason for her execution had been a Biblical clothing law.<ref>{{bibleref|Deuteronomy|22:5}}</ref> The nullification trial reversed the conviction in part because the condemnation proceeding had failed to consider the doctrinal exceptions to that stricture. The appellate court declared her innocent on 7 July 1456.<ref>Nullification trial sentence rehabilitation.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null13.html]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 02.jpg|Miniature from ''Vigiles du roi Charles VII''. Joan and the king.
File:Joan of Arc on horseback.png|Joan of Arc depicted on horseback in an illustration from a 1505 manuscript.
File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 05.jpeg|Miniature from ''Vigiles du roi Charles VII''. The assault on Paris.
File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 10.jpg|Miniature from ''Vigiles du roi Charles VII''. Joan being tied at the stake.
</gallery>

==Canonization==
{{Main article|Canonization of Joan of Arc}}
[[File:San pietro6.jpg|thumb|left|The beatification of Joan of Arc in 1909.]]
Joan of Arc became a symbol of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] during the 16th century.
When [[Félix Dupanloup]] was made bishop of Orléans in 1849, he pronounced a fervid [[panegyric]] on Joan of Arc, which attracted attention in England as well as France, and he led the efforts which culminated in Joan of Arc's beatification in 1909. [[Pope Benedict XV]] canonized Joan on 16 May 1920.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

==Legacy==
{{See also|Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d'Arc.svg|thumb|upright|In 1429, King Charles granted Joan a [[coat of arms]], consisting of a crowned sword between two [[fleurs-de-lis]]]]
[[File:Tete de Saint Maurice Orleans.jpg|thumb|upright|Helmeted head of a late Gothic saint's statue, recovered in 1827 from the ruins of St-Éloi church in Orléans, in the 19th century widely held to have been modelled after the likeness of Joan of Arc (now mostly identified as a head of [[Saint George]] sculpted c. 1500).<ref>
"Tête casquée découverte en 1820<!--sic, but see the image file page for the reference to the head in fact being found on 19 November 1827--> dans les démolitions des restes de l'ancienne église Saint-Eloi-Saint-Maurice, considérée parfois, mais à tort, comme représentant Jeanne d'Arc; c'est en réalité une tête de St Georges." ''Val de Loire; Maine, Orléanais, Touraine, Anjou'', Hachette (1963), p. 70. See  Edmunds, ''The Mission of Joan of Arc'', (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=k9maU4D-QLUC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false 40f] for references to the defense given to the head's being an authentic likeness of Joan  by [[Walter Scott]] and by [[George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]].</ref>]]

Joan of Arc became a semi-legendary figure for the four centuries after her death. The main sources of information about her were chronicles. Five original manuscripts of her condemnation trial surfaced in old archives during the 19th century. Soon, historians also located the complete records of her rehabilitation trial, which contained sworn testimony from 115 witnesses, and the original French notes for the Latin condemnation trial transcript. Various contemporary letters also emerged, three of which carry the signature ''Jehanne'' in the unsteady hand of a person learning to write.<ref>Pernoud and Clin, pp. 247–264.</ref> This unusual wealth of primary source material is one reason DeVries declares, "No person of the Middle Ages, male or female, has been the subject of more study."<ref>DeVries in "Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc", edited by Bonnie Wheeler, p. 3.</ref>

Joan of Arc came from an obscure village and rose to prominence when she was a teenager, and she did so as an uneducated peasant. The French and English kings had justified the ongoing war through competing interpretations of inheritance law, first concerning Edward III's claim to the French throne and then Henry VI's. The conflict had been a legalistic feud between two related royal families, but Joan transformed it along religious lines and gave meaning to appeals such as that of squire Jean de Metz when he asked, "Must the king be driven from the kingdom; and are we to be English?"<ref name="Nullification"/> In the words of Stephen Richey, "She turned what had been a dry dynastic squabble that left the common people unmoved except for their own suffering into a passionately popular war of national liberation."<ref name="Richey">{{cite web|url=http://www.stjoan-center.com/military/stephenr.html|title=Joan of Arc - A Military Appreciation|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|year=2000}}</ref> Richey also expresses the breadth of her subsequent appeal:

{{quote|The people who came after her in the five centuries since her death tried to make everything of her: demonic fanatic, spiritual mystic, naive and tragically ill-used tool of the powerful, creator and icon of modern popular nationalism, adored heroine, saint. She insisted, even when threatened with torture and faced with death by fire, that she was guided by voices from God. Voices or no voices, her achievements leave anyone who knows her story shaking his head in amazed wonder.<ref name="Richey"/>}}

[[File:Joan of Arc Emmanuel Fremiet.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet)|Gilded bronze equestrian statue of Joan of Arc]] at [[Place des Pyramides]] in Paris, by [[Emmanuel Frémiet]], 1874]]
From [[Christine de Pizan]] to the present, women have looked to Joan as a positive example of a brave and active woman.<ref>English translation of Christine de Pizan's poem ''Le Ditié de Jeanne d'Arc'' by L. Shopkow.[http://www.indiana.edu/~sotl/portfolios/shopkow/joan.htm] (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Analysis of the poem by Professors Kennedy and Varty of Magdalen College, Oxford. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616120159/http://www.smu.edu/ijas/cdepisan/intro.html |date=16 June 2008 }} Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref>  She operated within a religious tradition that believed an exceptional person from any level of society might receive a divine calling. Some of her most significant aid came from women. King Charles VII's mother-in-law, [[Yolande of Aragon]], confirmed Joan's virginity and financed her departure to Orléans. [[Joan, Countess of Ligny|Joan of Luxembourg]], aunt to the count of Luxembourg who held custody of her after Compiègne, alleviated her conditions of captivity and may have delayed her sale to the English. Finally, [[Anne of Burgundy]], the duchess of Bedford and wife to the regent of England, declared Joan a virgin during pretrial inquiries.<ref>These tests, which her confessor describes as [[hymen]] investigations, are not reliable measures of virginity. However, they signified approval from matrons of the highest social rank at key moments of her life. Rehabilitation trial testimony of Jean Pasquerel.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null07.html] Retrieved 12 March 2006.</ref>

Three separate vessels of the [[French Navy]] have been named after her, including a [[Jeanne d'Arc (R 97)|helicopter carrier]] that was retired from active service on 7 June 2010. At present, the  [[French far-right]] political party ''[[National Front (France)|Front National]]'' holds rallies at her statues, reproduces her image in the party's publications, and uses a tricolor flame partly symbolic of her martyrdom as its emblem. This party's opponents sometimes satirize its appropriation of her image.<ref>Front National publicity logos include the tricolor flame and reproductions of statues depicting her. The graphics forums at ''Étapes'' magazine include a variety of political posters from the 2002 presidential election.[http://www.etapes.com/index.php?num=84&rub=forum&forum=1&p=0] {{fr icon}} Retrieved 7 February 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029210824/http://www.etapes.com/index.php?num=84&rub=forum&forum=1&p=0 |date=29 October 2007 }}</ref> The French civic holiday in her honour is the second Sunday of May.{{fact|date=February 2017}}

During [[World War I]], she was frequently used as an icon in musical works.  Some notable songs include "[[Joan of Arc (Henry Burr song)|Joan of Arc]]", "[[Joan of Arc, They Are Calling You]]", and "[[Joan of Arc's Answer Song]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200207148|title=Joan of Arc's answer song|work=The Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pritzkermilitary.org/explore/library/online-catalog/view/oclc/14937510|title=Joan of Arc they are calling you|publisher=}}</ref>

==Visions==
[[File:Jeanne d' Arc (Eugene Thirion).jpg|thumb|upright|''Jeanne d'Arc'', by Eugène Thirion (1876). Late 19th century images such as this often had political undertones because of French territorial cessions to Germany in 1871. (Chautou, Church of Notre Dame)]]

Joan of Arc's religious visions have remained an ongoing topic of interest. She identified [[Saint Margaret the Virgin|Saint Margaret]], [[Catherine of Alexandria|Saint Catherine]], and [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]] as the source of her [[revelation]]s, although there is some ambiguity as to which of several identically named saints she intended.

Analysis of her visions is problematic since the main source of information on this topic is the condemnation trial transcript in which she defied customary courtroom procedure about a witness' oath and specifically refused to answer every question about her visions. She complained that a standard witness oath would conflict with an oath she had previously sworn to maintain confidentiality about meetings with her king. It remains unknown to what extent the surviving record may represent the fabrications of corrupt court officials or her own possible fabrications to protect state secrets.<ref>Condemnation trial, pp. 36–37, 41–42, 48–49. Retrieved 1 September 2006.</ref> Some historians sidestep speculation about the visions by asserting that her belief in her calling is more relevant than questions about the visions' ultimate origin.<ref>In a parenthetical note to a military biography, DeVries asserts: "The visions, or their veracity, are not in themselves important for this study. What is important, in fact what is key to Joan's history as a military leader, is that ''she'' (author's emphasis) believed that they came from God," p. 35.</ref>

A number of more recent scholars attempted to explain her visions in psychiatric or neurological terms. Potential diagnoses have included [[epilepsy]], [[migraine]], [[tuberculosis]], and [[schizophrenia]].<ref>Many of these hypotheses were devised by people whose expertise is in history rather than medicine. For a sampling of papers that passed peer review in medical journals, see {{cite journal |author=d'Orsi G., Tinuper P. |title="I heard voices&nbsp;...": from semiology, an historical review, and a new hypothesis on the presumed epilepsy of Joan of Arc |journal=Epilepsy Behav |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=152–57 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16750938 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.020 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1525-5050(06)00175-2}} (idiopathic partial epilepsy with auditory features)<br/>
{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05537.x |author=Foote-Smith E., Bayne L. |title=Joan of Arc |journal=Epilepsia |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=810–15 |year=1991 |pmid=1743152 }} (epilepsy)<br/>
{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00007611-198412000-00003 |author=Henker F. O. |title=Joan of Arc and DSM III |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=1488–90 |date=December 1984 |pmid=6390693 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0038-4348&volume=77&issue=12&spage=1488}} (various psychiatric definitions)<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Allen C |title=The schizophrenia of Joan of Arc |journal=Hist Med |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |pages=4–9 |date=Autumn–Winter 1975 |pmid=11630627 }} (schizophrenia)</ref> None of the putative diagnoses have gained consensus support, and many scholars have argued that she didn't display any of the objective symptoms that can accompany the mental illnesses which have been suggested, such as schizophrenia. Dr. Philip Mackowiak dismissed the possibility of schizophrenia and several other disorders (Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and ergot poisoning) in a chapter on Joan of Arc in his book "Post-Mortem" in 2007.<ref>though he did suggest the possibility of delusional disorder. Mackowiak, Philip; "Post-Mortem: Solving History's Great Medical Mysteries", ACP Press, 2007</ref>

Dr. John Hughes rejected the idea that Joan of Arc suffered from epilepsy in an article in the academic journal 'Epilepsy & Behavior'.<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 15710295
| year = 2005
| author1 = Hughes
| first1 = J. R.
| title = Did all those famous people really have epilepsy?
| journal = Epilepsy & Behavior
| volume = 6
| issue = 2
| pages = 115–39
| doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.11.011
}}</ref>

Two experts who analysed the hypothesis of temporal lobe tuberculoma in the medical journal ''Neuropsychobiology'' expressed their misgivings about this claim in the following statement:

{{quote|text=It is difficult to draw final conclusions, but it would seem unlikely that widespread tuberculosis, a serious disease, was present in this "patient" whose life-style and activities would surely have been impossible had such a serious disease been present.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000119218 |author=Nores J. M., Yakovleff Y. |title=A historical case of disseminated chronic tuberculosis |journal=Neuropsychobiology |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=79–80 |year=1995 |pmid=7477805 }}</ref>}}

In response to another such theory alleging that her visions were caused by bovine tuberculosis as a result of drinking [[pasteurization|unpasteurized]] milk, historian Régine Pernoud wrote that if drinking unpasteurized milk could produce such potential benefits for the nation, then the French government should stop mandating the pasteurization of milk.<ref>Pernoud, p. 275.</ref>

[[File:Vigiles misc 03.jpg|thumb|Miniature from ''Vigiles du roi Charles VII''. The citizens of [[Troyes]] hand over city keys to the Dauphin and Joan.]]

Joan of Arc gained favor in the court of King Charles VII, who accepted her as sane. He would have been familiar with the signs of madness because his own father, Charles VI, had suffered from it. Charles VI was popularly known as "Charles the Mad", and much of France's political and military decline during his reign could be attributed to the power vacuum that his episodes of insanity had produced. The previous king had believed he was made of glass, a delusion no courtier had mistaken for a religious awakening. Fears that King Charles VII would manifest the same insanity may have factored into the attempt to disinherit him at Troyes. This stigma was so persistent that contemporaries of the next generation would attribute to inherited madness the breakdown that England's King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] was to suffer in 1453: Henry VI was nephew to Charles VII and grandson to Charles VI. The court of Charles VII was shrewd and skeptical on the subject of mental health.<ref>Pernoud and Clin, pp. 3, 169, 183.</ref><ref>Nullification trial testimony of Dame Marguerite de Touroulde, widow of a king's counselor: "I heard from those that brought her to the king that at first they thought she was mad, and intended to put her away in some ditch, but while on the way they felt moved to do everything according to her good pleasure."[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null05.html] Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref> Upon Joan's arrival at Chinon the royal counselor Jacques Gélu cautioned,

{{quote|text=One should not lightly alter any policy because of conversation with a girl, a peasant&nbsp;... so susceptible to illusions; one should not make oneself ridiculous in the sight of foreign nations.}}

She remained astute to the end of her life and the rehabilitation trial testimony frequently marvels at her astuteness:

{{quote|text=Often they [the judges] turned from one question to another, changing about, but, notwithstanding this, she answered prudently, and evinced a wonderful memory.<ref>Nullification trial testimony of Guillaume de Manchon.[http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null09.html] Retrieved 12 February 2006.</ref>}}

Her subtle replies under interrogation even forced the court to stop holding public sessions.<ref name="Pernoud"/>

Some psychiatrists have also urged that a distinction should be made between different types of experiences. Ralph Hoffman, professor of psychology at Yale University, argues that visionary and creative states, including "hearing voices", are not necessarily signs of mental illness.<ref>Hoffman, "Auditory Hallucinations: What's It Like Hearing Voices?" in HealthyPlace.com, 27 September 2003. Accessible online at: [http://www.healthyplace.com/Communities/Thought_Disorders/schizo/articles/hearing_voices.htm]. Retrieved 12 February 2006. He lists Joan of Arc's case as a possible example of an "hallucinated voice", without elaborating on the term.</ref>

==Alleged relics==
In 1867, a jar was found in a Paris pharmacy with the inscription "Remains found under the stake of Joan of Arc, virgin of Orleans." They consisted of a charred human rib, carbonized wood, a piece of linen and a cat femur—explained as the practice of throwing black cats onto the pyre of witches. They are now in the Museum of Art and History in Chinon. In 2006, [[w:fr:Philippe Charlier|Philippe Charlier]], a forensic scientist at [[w:fr:Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré (Garches)|Raymond Poincaré Hospital]] ([[Garches]]) was authorized to study the relics. [[Radiocarbon dating|Carbon-14 tests]] and various [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] analyses were performed, and the results<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal |author=Declan Butler. |title=Joan of Arc's relics exposed as forgery |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=446 |issue=7136 |page= 593|date=4 April 2007 |doi=10.1038/446593a |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7136/full/446593a.html}}</ref> determined that the remains come from an [[Egypt]]ian [[mummy]] from the sixth to the third century BC. The charred appearance was the result of the embalming substances, not from combustion. Large amounts of pine pollen were also found, consistent with the presence of resin used in mummification and some unburned linen was found and was determined to be similar to that used to wrap mummies. The noted perfumers [[Guerlain]] and [[Jean Patou]] said that they could smell vanilla in the remains, also consistent with mummification. Apparently the mummy was <!--carnomumia-->part of the ingredients of medieval [[pharmacopoeia]] and it was relabeled in a time of French nationalism.

In March 2016 a ring believed to have been worn by Joan, which has passed through the hands of a cardinal, a king, an aristocrat and the daughter of a British physician, was sold at auction to the [[Puy du Fou]], a historical theme park, for £300,000.<ref>{{cite news|date= 4 March 2016|title=Joan of Arc ring returns to France after auction sale |url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35728604|newspaper=BBC |location=London |access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> There is no conclusive proof that she owned the ring, but its unusual design closely matches Joan's own words about her ring at her trial.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dalya Alberge |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Arts/article1649700.ece |title=Hot property: ring worn by Joan of Arc up for auction |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |date=27 December 2015 |accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/joan-arc-ring-dating-back-15th-century-sale-london-auction-1535043 |title=Joan of Arc ring dating back to 15th century for sale at London auction |publisher=Ibtimes.co.uk |date=27 December 2015 |accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref>  The British later demanded the ring back until the purchasers successfully appealed to the queen of England; the ring was reportedly first passed to Cardinal [[Henry Beaufort]] who attended Joan's trail and execution in 1431.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/26/joan-of-arc-ring-stays-in-france-after-appeal-to-queen Joan of Arc ring stays in France after appeal to Queen], Kim Willsher, [[The Guardian]] 26 August 2016</ref>

==Revisionist theories==
{{Main article|Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc}}
The standard accounts of the life of Joan of Arc have been challenged by revisionist authors. Claims made by such authors include: that Joan of Arc was not actually burned at the stake;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brewer|first1=E. Cobham|title=Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|date=1900|publisher=Cassell and Company|page=683|edition=New}}</ref> that she was secretly the half sister of [[Charles VII of France|King Charles VII]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Caze|first1=Pierre|title=La Vérité sur Jeanne d’Arc|date=1819|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> that she was not a true Christian but a member of a pagan cult;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Margaret|title=The Witch-Cult in Western Europe|date=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=318–326}}</ref> and that most of the story of Joan of Arc is actually a myth.<ref name="Donald2009">{{cite book|last1=Donald|first1=Graeme|title=Lies, Damned Lies, and History: A Catalogue of Historical Errors and Misunderstandings|date=2009|publisher=The History Press|isbn=0752452339|pages=99–103}}</ref> None of these claims are widely accepted by historians.

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|Saints}}
<!-- relevant people that should be included -->
*[[Timeline of Joan of Arc]]
*''[[The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World]]'', an 1851 book describing 15 [[battle|military engagement]]s which, in the opinion of the soon-knighted author, Sir [[Edward Shepherd Creasy]] had a [[macro-historical|significant impact on world history]]. The Siege of Orléans is included.
*[[Jean II, Duke of Alençon]]: Commander in the French Royal army
*[[Gilles de Rais]]: Commander in the French Royal Army
*[[Joan of Arc (DuBois)|''Joan of Arc'']], a sculpture in Washington, D.C.
*[[Joanna of Flanders]]: Countess who led an army earlier in the Hundred Years' War
*[[Jean V de Bueil]]: Count of Sancerre who served in the Royal army when Joan was there.
*[[Guy XIV de Laval]]: Count of Laval, wrote a famous letter mentioning Joan and served in the army.
*[[André de Lohéac]]: Brother of the above, Lord of Lohéac, later Marshal of France, served in the army with Joan.
*[[Maid of Lorraine prophecies]]
*[[Marie of Anjou]]: Wife of Charles VII
*[[Pierronne]]: Mystic who met Joan of Arc
*[[André César Vermare]]: Sculpted a famous statue of Joan of Arc

==Footnotes==
<!-- NOTE: Please add new citations in the same format as existing citations. See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] or ask for help on the talk page. -->
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title=Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses |last=Pernoud |first=Régine |others=translated by Edward Hyams|year=1982 |publisher=Scarborough House |location=New York |isbn=0-8128-1260-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|title=Joan of Arc: A Military Leader|publisher=Sutton Publishing |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |year=1999 |isbn=0-7509-1805-5 |oclc=42957383 |authorlink=Kelly DeVries}}
* {{Cite book|first=Richard C. |last=Famiglietti|title=Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI 1392–1420|publisher=AMS Press|location=New York |series=AMS studies in the Middle Ages, 9 |year=1987|isbn=0-404-61439-6}}<!-- Was "Pernoud and Clin". -->
* {{Cite book|last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |title=Joan of Arc |year=1976 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=Bristol |isbn=0-7139-0857-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Oliphant |first=Mrs. (Margaret) |title=Jeanne d'Arc: Her Life and Death |isbn=978-1-4043-1086-5 |series=Heroes of the Nations |date=November 2003 |origyear=1896 |publisher=IndyPublish.com |url=http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.html}}
* {{cite book |title=Joan of Arc: Her Story |last=Pernoud |first=Régine |author2=Marie-Véronique Clin |others=translated and revised by Jeremy duQuesnay Adams; edited by Bonnie Wheeler |year=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-21442-5 |url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312214421/#reader-link |oclc=39890535}}<!-- Added, but references may actually refer to Famiglietti. -->
*{{cite book|last1=Bishop|first1=Jacqueline|title=Joan of Arc|page=2006}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lowell|first1=Francis Cabot|title=Joan of Arc|date=1896|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|location=Boston}}
*{{cite book|last1=Larkin|first1=Sarah|title=Joan of Arc|date=1951|publisher=Philosophical Library|location=New York}}

==Further reading==
{{Further information|Joan of Arc bibliography}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}

===Biographies===
*{{Cite book|author=Anon|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|url=http://www.smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|others=trans. Rankin, Daniel & Quintal, Claire}}
*{{Cite book|title=The trial of Jeanne d'Arc|editor=Barrett, W.P.|publisher=Gotham house|location=New York|year=1932|oclc=1314152}}
*{{Cite book|last=Brooks|first=Polly Schoyer|title=Beyond the Myth: The Story of Joan of Arc|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-397-32422-7|oclc=20319268}}
*{{Cite book|last=de Quincey|first=Thomas|title=The English Mail-Coach and Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/7mjnc10.txt}}
*{{Cite book|last=France|first=Anatole|title=The Life of Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19488|authorlink=Anatole France}}, 19th century French classic
*{{Cite book|last=Gower|first=Ronald Sutherland|title=Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16933/16933.txt}}
*{{Cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Francoise|title=For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-51982-1|oclc=46240234|authorlink=Françoise Meltzer}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|location=New York|year=1955|oclc=1338471|others=trans. J.M. Cohen}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=[[Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses]]|publisher=Scarborough House|location=London|year=1994|isbn=0-8128-1260-3|oclc=31535658|others=trans. E. Hymans}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Pernoud|first1=Régine|last2=Clin|first2=Marie-Véronique|title=Joan of Arc: Her Story|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-312-22730-2|oclc=39890535|others=trans. Jeremy Duquesnay Adams}}
*{{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|year=2003|isbn=0-275-98103-7|oclc=52030963}}
*{{Cite book|last=Spoto|first=Donald|title=Joan : the mysterious life of a heretic who became a saint|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|location=San Francisco|year=2007|isbn=0-06-081517-5|oclc=84655969}}

===Primary sources===
*{{Cite book|title=The trial of Joan of Arc : being the verbatim report of the proceedings from the Orleans manuscript|publisher=Folio Society|location=London|year=1956|oclc=1182797|others=trans. Scot, W.S.}}

===Historiography and memory===
*{{Cite book|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|title=Joan of Arc: The Early Debate|publisher=Boydell Press,|location=London|year=2002|isbn=0-85115-880-3|oclc=48680250}}
*{{Cite book|last=Heimann|first=Nora|title=Joan of Arc in French Art and Culture (1700–1855): From Satire to Sanctity|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|year=2005|isbn=0-7546-5085-5}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Heimann|first1=Nora|last2=Coyle|first2=Laura|title=Joan of Arc: Her Image in France and America|publisher=Corcoran Gallery of Art in association with D Giles Limited|location=Washington, DC|year=2006|isbn=1-904832-19-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Preston|title=Lights of Madness: In Search of Joan of Arc|publisher=Frederic C. Beil, Pub|location=Savannah, GA|year=2005|isbn=1-929490-24-0}}
* Tumblety, Joan. "Contested histories: Jeanne d'Arc and the front national." ''The European Legacy'' (1999) 4#1 pp: 8&ndash;25.

===In French===
*{{Cite book|last=Le Brun de Charmettes|first=Philippe-Alexandre|title=Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc|publisher=ED. Artus Bertrand|location=Paris|year=1817|oclc=8443774|url=https://openlibrary.org/details/histoiredejeanne01lebr|authorlink=Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes|language=French}}
*{{Cite book|last=Le Brun de Charmettes|first=Philippe-Alexandre|title=L'ORLEANIDE,POEME NATIONAL EN VINGT-HUIT CHANTS|editor=Smith, Audin|location=Paris|year=1821|authorlink=Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes|language=French}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=Jeanne d'Arc: La Reconquête de la France|publisher=Gallimard|year=1995|isbn=2-07-040230-4|oclc=39883861|language=French}}
*{{Cite book|title=Le procès de condamnation et le procès de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc. L'histoire en appel.|publisher=Éditions Denoël|location=Paris|year=1959|oclc=1823703|others=trans. Oursel, Raymond}}
*{{Cite book|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite la Pucelle. Publiés pour la première fois d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, suivis de tous les documents historiques qu'on a pu réunir et accompagnés de notes et d'éclaircissements.|editor=Quicherat, Jules-Étienne-Joseph|publisher=Johnson|location=New York|year=1965|volume=1–5|oclc=728420|language=French|origyear=1841–1849}}

{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

===Related history===
*{{Cite book|last=Allmand|first=C.|title=The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300&nbsp;– 1450|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1988|isbn=0-521-31923-4 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=H.W.C|title=Medieval Europe|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/mdvlp10.txt}}
*{{Cite book|last=Guizot|first=François Pierre Guillaume|title=A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times|volume=3|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11953/11953.txt}}
*{{Cite book|author1-link=John Henry Haaren|last1=Haaren|first1=John Henry|last2=Poland|first2=A.B.|title=Famous Men of the Middle Ages|url=http://www.authorama.com/famous-men-of-the-middle-ages-1.html}}
*{{Cite book|last=Lacroix|first=Paul|title=Manners, Custom and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10940/10940.txt}}
*{{Cite book|last=Lingard|first=John|title=The History of England|url=http://www.authorama.com/history-of-england-1.html}}
*{{Cite book|last=Perroy|first=Edouard|title=The Hundred Years War|publisher=Capricorn Books|location=New York|year=1965|others=trans. W.B. Wells}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pollard|first=A.F.|title=The History of England: A Study in Political Evolution|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/hstng10.txt}}
*{{Cite book|last=Power|first=Eileen Edna|title=Medieval People|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13144/13144.txt}}
*{{Cite book|last=Vauchez|first=André|title=Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1997|isbn=0-521-44559-0|others=trans. Jean Birrell}}
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==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
<!--- Please add new links in alphabetical order. Please be careful: this list concentrates on sites with scholarly research value, and those which deal with the historical figure rather than characters that were only loosely based on her. --->
*[http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/ Joan of Arc Archive] - Online collection of Joan of Arc-related materials, including biographies and translations.
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08409c.htm "Blessed Joan of Arc" (written before her canonization)] — ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' entry from the 1919 edition.
*[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=295 Catholic Online Saints] - short biography from Catholic Online Saints.
*[http://jean-claude.colrat.pagesperso-orange.fr/index-angl.htm Joan of Arc's Companions-in-arms] - English version of page about soldiers who served alongside Joan of Arc.
*[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/musee.jeannedarc/indexanglais.htm Joan of Arc Museum] - Website for a museum in Rouen, France located near the place she was executed.
*[http://www.inrap.fr/archeologie-preventive/Ressources/Reportages-videos/Derniers-reportages/p-10444-Le-systeme-de-defense-medieval-a-Orleans.htm INRAP Page on Orleans' fortifications] : Article on the archaeological excavation of a portion of Orleans' fortifications dating from the siege in 1428–1429.
*[http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/a-cross-on-the-site-of-joan-of-arc-execution/view/?service=0 Location of Joan of Arc's Execution] - Google Maps satellite map of the square in Rouen and monument marking the site of her execution.
*[https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=206255119095185724769.0004afaa377f3a076ba2f  Locations in Joan of Arc's campaigns and life ] - Google Maps feature showing locations from her birth until her death.
*[http://catholicsaints.info/saint-joan-of-arc/ Catholic Saints page about Joan of Arc] -Brief biography and hagiographic information from Catholic Saints.
*[http://www.1000questions.net/en/jeanne/index.html The Real Joan of Arc: Who Was She?] - Long analysis of various issues and controversies, from 1000 Questions.
* {{DNB-Portal|118557238}}
* {{DDB|Person|118557238}}
* [http://www.jehanne-darc.com/ International Jeanne d'Arc Centre] (French, English, German)
* {{Hl-Lex|b|Johanna_von_Orleans_Jeanne_d_Arc.htm|Jeanne d'Arc}}
* [http://www.joan-of-arc-studies.org/] Research work and study reports. (English, German)
* [http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/#condemnation Protocol of the 1431st process] and the [http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/#nullification Rehabilitation process]
* [http://www.jeanne-darc.info/p_multimedia_movie/0_movies.html Jeanne d'Arc la pucelle cinematography] (English)
* [http://www.smu.edu/IJAS/movielis.html Films about Jeanne d’Arc, International Joan of Arc Society (with film clips)]
* [http://www.filmrezension.de/dossier/index_johanna_von_orleans.shtml filmrezension.de: Dossier on Jeanne d’Arc films from 1928 to the present]
* [http://www.jeannedarc.com.fr/centre/centre.htm Centre Jeanne d'Arc] at the Orleans Municipal Library (French)

{{Catholic saints|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Joan of Arc| ]]
[[Category:1412 births]]
[[Category:1431 deaths]]
[[Category:Armagnac faction]]
[[Category:15th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:15th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:15th-century women]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Medieval French saints]]
[[Category:Patron saints of France]]
[[Category:History of Catholicism in France]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic mystics]]
[[Category:Christian mystics]]
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]
[[Category:Prophets in Christianity]]
[[Category:Executed French women]]
[[Category:Executed French people]]
[[Category:People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning]]
[[Category:People executed under the Lancastrians]]
[[Category:Executed people from Lorraine]]
[[Category:People from Vosges (department)]]
[[Category:People of the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Women in war in France]]
[[Category:History of Rouen]]
[[Category:Michael (archangel)]]
[[Category:Women in medieval European warfare]]
[[Category:Christian female saints of the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Female wartime cross-dressers]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope Pius X]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope Benedict XV]]
[[Category:French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Military saints]]
[[Category:Women in 15th-century warfare]]
[[Category:People executed for heresy]]